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Что (кто) такое Israeli landscape - определение
![Green Lakes]], 1955, USSR (Lithuania), Socialist realism.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/"The Green Lake" by Czeslaw Znamierowski, 145 x 250 cm, 1955.jpg?width=200 "Green Lakes]], 1955, USSR (Lithuania), Socialist realism.")
![1528}}, one of the earliest Western pure landscapes. He was the leader of the [[Danube School]] in southern Germany.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Albrecht Altdorfer 007.jpg?width=200 "1528}}, one of the earliest Western pure landscapes. He was the leader of the [[Danube School]] in southern Germany.")
![[[Claude Lorrain]], ''[[Ascanius Shooting the Stag of Sylvia]]'', 1682. The landscape as [[history painting]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ascanius Shooting the Stag of Sylvia 1682 Claude Lorrain.jpg?width=200 "[[Claude Lorrain]], ''[[Ascanius Shooting the Stag of Sylvia]]'', 1682. The landscape as [[history painting]].")
![[[Carlos de Haes]], ''Los Picos de Europa'', 1876](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Carlos de Haes - Los picos de Europa.jpg?width=200 "[[Carlos de Haes]], ''Los Picos de Europa'', 1876")
![[[Caspar David Friedrich]], ''[[Wanderer above the Sea of Fog]]'', 1818. A classic image of German [[Romanticism]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Caspar David Friedrich - Wanderer above the sea of fog.jpg?width=200 "[[Caspar David Friedrich]], ''[[Wanderer above the Sea of Fog]]'', 1818. A classic image of German [[Romanticism]].")
![''Cowley Place, near [[Exeter]]'', by [[Francis Towne]], c. 1812](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cowley Place, near Exeter.jpg?width=200 "''Cowley Place, near [[Exeter]]'', by [[Francis Towne]], c. 1812")
![[[Rembrandt]], ''The Three Trees'', 1643, etching](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Die landschaft mit den drei baeumen.jpg?width=200 "[[Rembrandt]], ''The Three Trees'', 1643, etching")
![A rare pure landscape in a [[Persian miniature]], with a river, Tabriz (?), 1st quarter of 14th century](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/DiezAlbumsLandscape.jpg?width=200 "A rare pure landscape in a [[Persian miniature]], with a river, Tabriz (?), 1st quarter of 14th century")
![t=洞天山堂圖}}). 10th century, the [[Five Dynasties]] (Chinese). [[National Palace Museum]], Taipei.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Dong Yuan Mountain Hall.jpg?width=200 "t=洞天山堂圖}}). 10th century, the [[Five Dynasties]] (Chinese). [[National Palace Museum]], Taipei.")
![Akrotiri]], 1600–1500 BCE](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fresque du printemps, Akrotiri, Grèce.jpg?width=200 "Akrotiri]], 1600–1500 BCE")
![松林図 屏風}}, one of a pair of [[folding screen]]s, Japan, 1593. 156.8 × 356 cm (61.73 × 140.16 in)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hasegawa Tohaku - Pine Trees (Shōrin-zu byōbu) - right hand screen.jpg?width=200 "松林図 屏風}}, one of a pair of [[folding screen]]s, Japan, 1593. 156.8 × 356 cm (61.73 × 140.16 in)")
![[[Jan van Goyen]], ''Dune landscape'', c. 1630–1635, an example of the "tonal" style in [[Dutch Golden Age painting]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jan van Goyen 004b.jpg?width=200 "[[Jan van Goyen]], ''Dune landscape'', c. 1630–1635, an example of the \"tonal\" style in [[Dutch Golden Age painting]]")
![Korean version]] of the Chinese literati style by [[Jeong Seon]] who was unusual in often painting landscapes from life.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jeong Seon-Ingok.yugeodo.jpg?width=200 "Korean version]] of the Chinese literati style by [[Jeong Seon]] who was unusual in often painting landscapes from life.")
![[[Watercolour]] in the English tradition, [[John Robert Cozens]], ''Lake of Vico Between Rome and Florence'', c. 1783](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/John Robert Cozens - Lake of Vico Between Rome and Florence - Google Art Project.jpg?width=200 "[[Watercolour]] in the English tradition, [[John Robert Cozens]], ''Lake of Vico Between Rome and Florence'', c. 1783")
![[[Kuo Hsi]], ''Clearing Autumn Skies over Mountains and Valleys'', Northern [[Song Dynasty]] c. 1070, detail from a horizontal scroll.<ref>Sickman, 219-220</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Kuo Hsi 001.jpg?width=200 "[[Kuo Hsi]], ''Clearing Autumn Skies over Mountains and Valleys'', Northern [[Song Dynasty]] c. 1070, detail from a horizontal scroll.<ref>Sickman, 219-220</ref>")
![[[Titian]], ''La Vierge au Lapin à la Loupe'' (The Virgin of the Rabbit), 1530, [[Louvre]], [[Paris]]. Idealized Italianate landscape background.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/La Vierge au Lapin à la Loupe.jpg?width=200 "[[Titian]], ''La Vierge au Lapin à la Loupe'' (The Virgin of the Rabbit), 1530, [[Louvre]], [[Paris]]. Idealized Italianate landscape background.")
![w=Li Ch'eng}}; 919–967),''Luxuriant Forest among Distant Peaks'', detail, 10th century China, [[Liaoning Provincial Museum]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Li Cheng, Luxuriant Forest among Distant Peaks.jpg?width=200 "w=Li Ch'eng}}; 919–967),''Luxuriant Forest among Distant Peaks'', detail, 10th century China, [[Liaoning Provincial Museum]].")
![t=踏歌圖}}), 13th century, Southern Song (Chinese), Collected in the [[Palace Museum]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ma Yuan - Dancing and Singing- Peasants Returning from Work.jpg?width=200 "t=踏歌圖}}), 13th century, Southern Song (Chinese), Collected in the [[Palace Museum]].")
![realism]], 1871](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Maksymilian Gierymski, Wyjazd na polowanie.jpg?width=200 "realism]], 1871")
![Landscape with scene from the ''[[Odyssey]]'', Rome, c. 60–40 BCE](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Römischer Meister um 125 v. Chr. 001.jpg?width=200 "Landscape with scene from the ''[[Odyssey]]'', Rome, c. 60–40 BCE")
![Ming]] civil servant, who valued expressiveness over delicacy, with collector's seals and poems.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Wanluan Thatched Hall by Dong Qichang.jpg?width=200 "Ming]] civil servant, who valued expressiveness over delicacy, with collector's seals and poems.")
![[[John Constable]], 1821, ''[[The Hay Wain]]''. Early [[Romanticism]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/John Constable The Hay Wain.jpg?width=200 "[[John Constable]], 1821, ''[[The Hay Wain]]''. Early [[Romanticism]]")
![[[Joseph Mallord William Turner]], ''The Park at [[Petworth House]]'', c. 1830](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Joseph Mallord William Turner 015.jpg?width=200 "[[Joseph Mallord William Turner]], ''The Park at [[Petworth House]]'', c. 1830")
![[[Frederic Edwin Church]], ''[[The Heart of the Andes]],'' 1859. Church was part of the American [[Hudson River School]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Church Heart of the Andes.jpg?width=200 "[[Frederic Edwin Church]], ''[[The Heart of the Andes]],'' 1859. Church was part of the American [[Hudson River School]].")
![[[Ivan Aivazovsky]], 1863, ''The [[Caucasus]]''. Late [[Romanticism]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Aivasovsky Ivan Constantinovich The Caucasus.jpg?width=200 "[[Ivan Aivazovsky]], 1863, ''The [[Caucasus]]''. Late [[Romanticism]]")
![Ville d'Avray]]'' [[National Gallery of Art]], [[Washington, DC.]] [[Barbizon school]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Corot.villedavray.750pix.jpg?width=200 "Ville d'Avray]]'' [[National Gallery of Art]], [[Washington, DC.]] [[Barbizon school]]")
![Lordship Lane Station]]'', [[East Dulwich]], [[London]], England, c. 1870. [[Impressionism]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pissarro lordship.jpg?width=200 "Lordship Lane Station]]'', [[East Dulwich]], [[London]], England, c. 1870. [[Impressionism]].")
![Mont Sainte-Victoire]],'' 1882–1885, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]. [[Post-Impressionism]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Paul Cézanne - Mont Sainte-Victoire and the Viaduct of the Arc River Valley (Metropolitan Museum of Art).jpg?width=200 "Mont Sainte-Victoire]],'' 1882–1885, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]. [[Post-Impressionism]]")
![[[Vincent van Gogh]], ''[[The Starry Night]]'', 1889, [[The Museum of Modern Art]], [[New York City]]. [[Post-Impressionism]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/VanGogh-starry night ballance1.jpg?width=200 "[[Vincent van Gogh]], ''[[The Starry Night]]'', 1889, [[The Museum of Modern Art]], [[New York City]]. [[Post-Impressionism]]")
![Impressionists]] often, though by no means always, painted [[en plein air]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Claude Monet - Branch of the Seine near Giverny.JPG?width=200 "Impressionists]] often, though by no means always, painted [[en plein air]].")
![[[Ivan Shishkin]], ''Rain in an Oak Forest'', 1891, [[Tretyakov Gallery]]. [[Peredvizhniki]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Shishkin DozVDubLesu 114.jpg?width=200 "[[Ivan Shishkin]], ''Rain in an Oak Forest'', 1891, [[Tretyakov Gallery]]. [[Peredvizhniki]]")
![[[Isaac Levitan]], ''Above Eternal Peace,'' 1894.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Levitan nad vech pok28.jpg?width=200 "[[Isaac Levitan]], ''Above Eternal Peace,'' 1894.")
![Victorian]] painting.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/'Scottish Highlands'.jpg?width=200 "Victorian]] painting.")
!["Giving Directions" by [[George Willis-Pryce]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Giving Directions by Willis Pryce.jpg?width=200 "\"Giving Directions\" by [[George Willis-Pryce]].")
![Oil]] on [[canvas]], [[National Museum, Kraków]], [[Sukiennice Museum]] div.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Stanisław Masłowski - Wschód księżyca (ol n pł 1884).jpg?width=200 "Oil]] on [[canvas]], [[National Museum, Kraków]], [[Sukiennice Museum]] div.")
![Lupin]] – A Cart way), [[watercolor]], 1909 ([[National Museum in Warsaw]])](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Stanisław_Masłowski_(1853-1926, Łubin - Droga polna (Lupin - A Cart way), watercolor on paper, 1909.jpeg?width=200 "Lupin]] – A Cart way), [[watercolor]], 1909 ([[National Museum in Warsaw]])")
![w='''Fan K’uan'''}}, c. 960 – c. 1030), ''Travellers among Mountains and Streams'' (谿山行旅), ink and slight color on silk, dimensions of 6¾ ft x 2½ ft. 11th century, China.Ebrey, ''Cambridge Illustrated History of China'', 162. [[National Palace Museum]], TaipeiLiu, 50.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fan Kuan - Travelers Among Mountains and Streams - Google Art Project.jpg?width=200 "w='''Fan K’uan'''}}, c. 960 – c. 1030), ''Travellers among Mountains and Streams'' (谿山行旅), ink and slight color on silk, dimensions of 6¾ ft x 2½ ft. 11th century, China.Ebrey, ''Cambridge Illustrated History of China'', 162. [[National Palace Museum]], TaipeiLiu, 50.")
![Detail from the hand scroll ''Pure and Remote View of Streams and Mountains'', one of [[Xia Gui]]'s most important works, 13th century China](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Xia Gui, Streams and Mountains with a Clear Distant View, detail.jpg?width=200 "Detail from the hand scroll ''Pure and Remote View of Streams and Mountains'', one of [[Xia Gui]]'s most important works, 13th century China")
![Li Kan]], ''Bamboos and Rock'' c. 1300 AD., China](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Likan Bamboo and Rocks.jpg?width=200 "Li Kan]], ''Bamboos and Rock'' c. 1300 AD., China")
![Tao Chi]], late 17th century China](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tao Chi 003.jpg?width=200 "Tao Chi]], late 17th century China")
![[[Tang Yin]], ''A Fisher in Autumn'', 1523 AD., China](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/T'ang Yin 003.jpg?width=200 "[[Tang Yin]], ''A Fisher in Autumn'', 1523 AD., China")
![[[Shen Zhou]], ''Poet on a Mountain'' c. 1500. Painting and poem by Shen Zhou: "White clouds encircle the mountain waist like a sash,/Stone steps mount high into the void where the narrow path leads far./Alone, leaning on my rustic staff I gaze idly into the distance./My longing for the notes of a flute is answered in the murmurings of the gorge."Sickman, 322.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Poetonmountain.jpg?width=200 "[[Shen Zhou]], ''Poet on a Mountain'' c. 1500. Painting and poem by Shen Zhou: \"White clouds encircle the mountain waist like a sash,/Stone steps mount high into the void where the narrow path leads far./Alone, leaning on my rustic staff I gaze idly into the distance./My longing for the notes of a flute is answered in the murmurings of the gorge.\"Sickman, 322.")
![[[Cai Han]] and Jin Xiaozhu, ''Autumn Flowers and White Pheasants'', 17th century, China.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Autumn flowers and white pheasants 秋花白鷴图.jpg?width=200 "[[Cai Han]] and Jin Xiaozhu, ''Autumn Flowers and White Pheasants'', 17th century, China.")
![[[Shitao]], ''Pine Pavilion Near a Spring'', 1675, collection of the [[Shanghai Museum]], 17th century, China.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ShiTao-Pine Pavilion Near A Spring.jpg?width=200 "[[Shitao]], ''Pine Pavilion Near a Spring'', 1675, collection of the [[Shanghai Museum]], 17th century, China.")
![[[Tenshō Shūbun]], a [[Zen Buddhist]] monk, an early figure in the revival of Chinese styles in Japan. ''Reading in a Bamboo Grove,'' 1446, Japan](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Shubun - untitled.jpg?width=200 "[[Tenshō Shūbun]], a [[Zen Buddhist]] monk, an early figure in the revival of Chinese styles in Japan. ''Reading in a Bamboo Grove,'' 1446, Japan")
![[[Kanō Masanobu]], 15th century founder of the [[Kanō school]], which dominated Japanese brush painting until the 19th century, ''Zhou Maoshu Appreciating Lotuses'', hanging scrollPierce, 177–182](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Zhou Maoshu Appreciating Lotuses.jpg?width=200 "[[Kanō Masanobu]], 15th century founder of the [[Kanō school]], which dominated Japanese brush painting until the 19th century, ''Zhou Maoshu Appreciating Lotuses'', hanging scrollPierce, 177–182")
![''The Bridge at Ubi'' a famous screen composition, found in many 16th or 17th century versions, showing the colourful abstracted style of the professional painters.Watson, 42 [[Yamato-e]] style of [[Japanese painting]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Japanischer Maler 001.jpg?width=200 "''The Bridge at Ubi'' a famous screen composition, found in many 16th or 17th century versions, showing the colourful abstracted style of the professional painters.Watson, 42 [[Yamato-e]] style of [[Japanese painting]].")
![A scene from the ''Biography of the Priest Ippen'' [[yamato-e]] scroll, 1299](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ippen Biography 13.jpg?width=200 "A scene from the ''Biography of the Priest Ippen'' [[yamato-e]] scroll, 1299")
![The Persian hero [[Rustam]] sleeps, while his horse [[Rakhsh]] fends off a lion. Probably an early work by [[Sultan Mohammed]], 1515–20](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sleeping Rustam.jpg?width=200 "The Persian hero [[Rustam]] sleeps, while his horse [[Rakhsh]] fends off a lion. Probably an early work by [[Sultan Mohammed]], 1515–20")
![''The Feast of Sada'', Folio 22v from the [[Shahnama of Shah Tahmasp]], [[Sultan Mohammed]], c. 1525](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/"The Feast of Sada", Folio 22v from the Shahnama (Book of Kings) of Shah Tahmasp MET is1970.301.2.R (cropped).jpg?width=200 "''The Feast of Sada'', Folio 22v from the [[Shahnama of Shah Tahmasp]], [[Sultan Mohammed]], c. 1525")
![Khusraw discovers Shirin]] bathing in a pool, a favourite scene, here from 1548. The black stream is silver that has oxidized.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nizami - Khusraw discovers Shirin bathing in a pool.jpg?width=200 "Khusraw discovers Shirin]] bathing in a pool, a favourite scene, here from 1548. The black stream is silver that has oxidized.")
![[[Sudama]] bows at the glimpse of Krishna's golden palace in [[Dwarka]]. ca 1775-1790 [[Pahari painting]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sudama bows at the glimpse of Krishna's golden palace in Dwarka. ca 1775-1790 painting.jpg?width=200 "[[Sudama]] bows at the glimpse of Krishna's golden palace in [[Dwarka]]. ca 1775-1790 [[Pahari painting]].")
![The [[Mughal emperor]] [[Jahangir]]'s Lion Hunt, c. 1615, in a Persian-style landscape](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jahangir's Lion Hunt ca. 1615, Aga Khan Museum, Geneva.jpg?width=200 "The [[Mughal emperor]] [[Jahangir]]'s Lion Hunt, c. 1615, in a Persian-style landscape")
![[[Jahangir]] hunting with a falcon, in Western-style country.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jahangir hunting with a falcon..jpg?width=200 "[[Jahangir]] hunting with a falcon, in Western-style country.")
![''The [[Gopi]]s Plead with [[Krishna]] to Return Their Clothing'', 1560s](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/6 Master of the Isarda Bhagavata Purana. The Gopis Plead with Krishna to Return Their Clothing. Folio from Isarda Bhagavata Purana. 1560-65, Metmuseum.jpg?width=200 "''The [[Gopi]]s Plead with [[Krishna]] to Return Their Clothing'', 1560s")
![American Modernist]] associated with [[Tonalism]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Albert Pinkham Ryder - Moonlit Cove - Google Art Project.jpg?width=200 "American Modernist]] associated with [[Tonalism]].")
![Der Blaue Reiter]]'', 1903. [[Der Blaue Reiter]], an [[Expressionist]] group active from 1911 to 1914.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Wassily Kandinsky, 1903, The Blue Rider (Der Blaue Reiter), oil on canvas, 52.1 x 54.6 cm, Stiftung Sammlung E.G. Bührle, Zurich.jpg?width=200 "Der Blaue Reiter]]'', 1903. [[Der Blaue Reiter]], an [[Expressionist]] group active from 1911 to 1914.")
![[[Henri Matisse]], ''[[Landscape at Collioure]]'', 1905, [[Museum of Modern Art]], [[New York City]]. [[Fauvism]] a Modernist movement in Paris active from 1900 to 1907.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Matisse Les toits.jpg?width=200 "[[Henri Matisse]], ''[[Landscape at Collioure]]'', 1905, [[Museum of Modern Art]], [[New York City]]. [[Fauvism]] a Modernist movement in Paris active from 1900 to 1907.")
![[[André Derain]], 1905, ''Le séchage des voiles (The Drying Sails)'', oil on canvas, 82 × 101 cm, [[Pushkin Museum]], Moscow. Exhibited at the 1905 [[Salon d'Automne]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/André Derain, 1905, Le séchage des voiles (The Drying Sails), oil on canvas, 82 x 101 cm, Pushkin Museum, Moscow. Exhibited at the 1905 Salon d'Automne.jpg?width=200 "[[André Derain]], 1905, ''Le séchage des voiles (The Drying Sails)'', oil on canvas, 82 × 101 cm, [[Pushkin Museum]], Moscow. Exhibited at the 1905 [[Salon d'Automne]]")
![Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller]], Otterlo, Netherlands](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jean Metzinger, 1906, Coucher de Soleil No. 1 (Landscape), oil on canvas, 72.5 x 100 cm, Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller, Otterlo, Netherlands.jpg?width=200 "Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller]], Otterlo, Netherlands")
![[[Pablo Picasso]], 1908, ''Paysage aux deux figures (Landscape with Two Figures)'', oil on canvas, 60 x 73 cm, Musée Picasso, Paris](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pablo Picasso, 1908, Paysage aux deux figures (Landscape with Two Figures), oil on canvas, 60 x 73 cm, Musée Picasso, Paris.jpg?width=200 "[[Pablo Picasso]], 1908, ''Paysage aux deux figures (Landscape with Two Figures)'', oil on canvas, 60 x 73 cm, Musée Picasso, Paris")
![New York]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Henri Rousseau 005.jpg?width=200 "New York]]")
![[[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner]], ''Naked Playing People'', 1910. [[Die Brücke]], an [[Expressionist]] group active after 1905.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Spielende nackte Menschen 1910-1.jpg?width=200 "[[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner]], ''Naked Playing People'', 1910. [[Die Brücke]], an [[Expressionist]] group active after 1905.")
![Le Chemin, Paysage à Meudon, Paysage avec personnage]]'', oil on canvas, 146.4 × 114.4 cm. Stolen by Nazi occupiers from the home of collector Alphonse Kann during World War II](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Recoveredgleizes.jpg?width=200 "Le Chemin, Paysage à Meudon, Paysage avec personnage]]'', oil on canvas, 146.4 × 114.4 cm. Stolen by Nazi occupiers from the home of collector Alphonse Kann during World War II")
![The Fountain Terrace at [[Dumbarton Oaks]] in Washington, D.C., designed by landscape architect Beatrix Farrand in 1921, was opened to the public in 1939](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fountainterrace2b.jpg?width=200 "The Fountain Terrace at [[Dumbarton Oaks]] in Washington, D.C., designed by landscape architect Beatrix Farrand in 1921, was opened to the public in 1939")
![Drawing of plan for an entrance to Central Park in [[Manhattan]] by [[Richard Morris Hunt]] (American, 1827-1895) c.1863](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/New York City. Plan for Entrance to Central Park (3678964534).jpg?width=200 "Drawing of plan for an entrance to Central Park in [[Manhattan]] by [[Richard Morris Hunt]] (American, 1827-1895) c.1863")
![George Waring]], Vaux, [[Ignaz Anton Pilat]], [[Jacob Wrey Mould]], and Olmsted)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Team that Created NY Central Park.jpg?width=200 "George Waring]], Vaux, [[Ignaz Anton Pilat]], [[Jacob Wrey Mould]], and Olmsted)")
Википедия
Landscape engineering is the application of mathematics and science to shape land and waterscapes. It can also be described as green engineering, but the design professionals best known for landscape engineering are landscape architects. Landscape engineering is the interdisciplinary application of engineering and other applied sciences to the design and creation of anthropogenic landscapes. It differs from, but embraces traditional reclamation. It includes scientific disciplines: Agronomy, Botany, Ecology, Forestry, Geology, Geochemistry, Hydrogeology, and Wildlife Biology. It also draws upon applied sciences: Agricultural & Horticultural Sciences, Engineering Geomorphology, landscape architecture, and Mining, Geotechnical, and Civil, Agricultural & Irrigation Engineering.
Landscape engineering builds on the engineering strengths of declaring goals, determining initial conditions, iteratively designing, predicting performance based on knowledge of the design, monitoring performance, and adjusting designs to meet the declared goals. It builds on the strengths and history of reclamation practice. Its distinguishing feature is the marriage of landforms, substrates, and vegetation throughout all phases of design and construction, which previously have been kept as separate disciplines.
Though landscape engineering embodies all elements of traditional engineering (planning, investigation, design, construction, operation, assessment, research, management, and training), it is focused on three main areas. The first is closure planning – which includes goal setting and design of the landscape as a whole. The second division is landscape design more focused on the design of individual landforms to reliably meet the goals as set out in the closure planning process. Landscape performance assessment is critical to both of these, and is also important for estimating liability and levels of financial assurance. The iterative process of planning, design, and performance assessment by a multidisciplinary team is the basis of landscape engineering.
Source: McKenna, G.T., 2002. Sustainable mine reclamation and landscape engineering. PhD Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada 661p.
